نشریه پژوهش در توانبخشی ورزشی
پیاپی 16 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Major morphological and neural changes occur with growth and maturation and little attention has been paid to differences in youth maturity in functional movements performing. Little research has been done on balance and its relation to maturity, so the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between maturity and static and dynamic balance in school-aged boys and girls.

The statistical sample included 700 school-aged, 9-18 year old, boys and girls from Shahrekord categorized into 10 groups of 35 girls and 10 groups of 35 boys. To evaluate maturity, the maturity offset prediction equations and to evaluate static and dynamic balance the balance error scoring system and Y balance test were used. For analyzing the finding of this research, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test was used (P≤0.05).

Spearman correlation test showed a significant correlation between predictive maturity offset with balance error scoring system (r=-/138, p < 0.001) and Y balance test (r=-/232, p < 0.001). Also, there was a significant correlation between maturity offset with balance error scoring system and Y balance test in boys and girls (p < 0.05).

The findings of this research can be found that there was with balance error scoring system and Y balance test in school-aged children and realizing about relations between maturity and balance can be used for planning exercises and improvement in performance should be considered as a goal and some research can be done on the causes of these differences.

Background and Aims :

Adrenomedullin (ADM) is one of the important cardiovascular indices and affects the function of the circulatory system. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of rehabilitation programs of interval and continuous training on plasmatic ADM, ventricular ejection fraction (EF), and resting rate pressure product (RPP) after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG).

Methods:

 36 POST-CABG patients (27 men and 9 women) were selected purposive and then divided into three groups randomly: control group (C), aerobic continuous training (ACT), and aerobic interval training (AIT) (exercise training program was performed 3 days/week for 8 weeks) with intensities %65 to 80% and 80% to 95% of reserve heart rate in order. Blood sampling and 2D echocardiography were performed for measuring plasmatic ADM (Elisa technic) and ejection fraction (EF). Resting RPP was also measured by a digital blood pressure system. Paired sample t-test and ANOVA tests analysis were used for data analyzing

ADM and resting RPP were decreased and EF was increased in both training groups, But these changes were significant only in the AIT group (P≤0.05) and there were significant differences between the AIT and other groups in EF and RPP (P≤0.05). But there was no significant difference between the AIT and ACT in the plasmatic ADM (p>0.05),

Conclusion:

 There is no difference between the effects of interval and continuous training on plasmatic ADM. However, interval training has more effect than continuous training on the improvement of cardiovascular function after CABG surgery.

therapeutic exercises is recommended to improve the problems of diabetic patients with neuropathy.In the present study,the effect of 12 weeks of exercises based on principles NASM was performed on glycemic control and quality of life criteria in patients with type 2 diabetic neuropathy.

The sample consisted of 40 female patients with mild to moderate neuropathy type 2 diabetes. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups of 20 control and experimental with the Michigan score criterion. Blood glucose control indices and quality of life were assessed by laboratory blood test and a questionnaire, respectively.Statistical analysis was performed using Repeated measures ANOVA.

The results showed that there was no significant difference in fasting blood sugar between the two groups(P = 0.26),but in the other three blood indices including 2 hrs G pp G, 4 pm G, and HbA1c, a significant difference was observed between the two groups(P <.05).Quality of life in, Physical functioning ,Role limitations due to physical health ,Role limitations due to emotional problems ,Energy/fatigue,and Pain had a significant difference compared to the control group(P <0.05).Other indicators including Emotional well-being(P = 0.68),Social functioning(P = 0.19),and General health factor(P = 0.06)showed no significant difference between the two study groups.

The results show that these exercises, due to improving blood flow and reducing pain and anesthesia,make patients exercise and daily activities easier and with less pain, and as a result,significant changes in blood factors and improve physiological conditions and quality of life in these patients.Established, and patients' functional status improves.

Investigating the relationship and correlation between kinetic parameters, especially between the maximum force and the flight time variable play an important role in increasing the jump height and preventing various injuries in volleyball players. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between maximum concentric and eccentric forces and flight time in block jump skill of young professional volleyball players.

21 young male volleyball players performed the block jump skill with the maximum jump height on the force plate system. The maximum of concentric and eccentric forces and flight time were investigated and extracted. Pearson correlation method was used to estimate the relationship between concentric, eccentric maximum force and flight time and linear regression method was employed to determine the load factor order of concentric and eccentric maximum forces.

The results showed that there is no significant correlation between any of the research variables (maximum eccentric force, concentric force and flight time). The factor load of the maximum concentric force is much higher than the maximum eccentric force in the flight time variable and the maximum eccentric force has a negative relationship, while the maximum concentric force shows a positive relationship with the flight time.

It is suggested that coaches, players and volleyball practitioners pay special attention to the different phases of jumping with the aim of optimizing performance and better designing training programs.

The aim of this study was to compare the ground reaction forces and the time to achieve stability in healthy male athletes with functional ankle instability.

The statistical population was included of male athletes aged 18 to 25 years, of which 20 people (10 with normal foot structure, 10 people with ankle functional instability) were purposefully based on the criteria of this study. They were divided into two groups: healthy and with functional instability of the ankle. The desired variables were measured using two Kistler model force plates. The raw data were analyzed by Matlab and spss software version 21 at the level of P≤0.05 with Shapiro-Wilk and independent t-tests.

There was no significant difference between the peak variable of anterior-posterior forces and ground reaction force (internal-external) of healthy male athletes with ankle functional instability during the single-leg jump-landing task (P≤0.05) . However, there was a significant difference between the variables of ground reaction force (vertical force) (P = 0.014) and time to achieve stability (P = 0.044) of healthy male athletes with ankle functional instability during the single-leg jump-landing task. There is significance.

According to the results of the study, athletes with ankle instability suffer more ground reaction forces (vertical force) during landing and reach stability later than people with healthy ankles.

The epidemiology of sports injuries provides basic information to prevent and reduce injury rates, followed by the design exercises for preventive training. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of sports injuries in para table tennis.

The present study was performed by a descriptive method and cross-sectional sampling. A total of 61 para table tennis player participated in the present study. The questionnaire used in the study included demographic information, the side of the injury, the injured limb, the mechanism of the injury, and the cause of the injury. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, and cross tables were used for data analysis by SPSS software (version 22).

The information from questionnaires for seated and standing classes showed that exercise injuries were greater on the right side of the body as compared to the left side. The frequency of injuries to the upper limbs was 60.7 %, highest percent of the whole body, compared to the lower limbs, trunk, head and neck. Most injuries occurred in the elbow and shoulder, resulting in 16.4 % of elbow injuries and 60.7 % of shoulder injuries. Among these, non‐contact mechanisms had the largest share and the most common cause of injury was the athlete's incorrect technique.

it is suggested that coaches, in cooperation with the medical team, be aware of athletes' physical assessments and design exercises to improve range of motion, balance, and correct deficiencies in the athlete's technique.

Netball smart and FIFA +11, are widely used as warm-up programs to prevent athlete injuries. But so far the effectiveness of these two warm-up methods has not been compared on the two-dimensional kinematics of active men. The aim of the current study was to compare the effect of FIFA +11 and Netball Smart warm up programs on the two-dimensional kinematics of the lower extremity during the single-leg squats and single-leg hop test.

40 active male college soccer players (age: 23.4 ± 1.0 years) were randomly divided into the Netball smart (n=20) and FIFA +11 (n=20) groups. Each group perform the injury prevention program as a warm-up before training session, three sessions per week for six weeks. Before and after the training protocols, the kinematic variables of the lower limbs were captured in single-leg squat test and single-leg hop test with using two-dimensional cameras. The videos were then evaluated to measure variables using Kinovia software.

After six weeks of intervention, all the kinematic variables of the lower extremities in both the Net Ball Smart and FIFA 11+ groups show significant changes compared to the pre-test. However, changes in the kinematic variables in the post-test were not significant between the two groups.

The finding of the present study showed that FIFA 11+ and Netball smart training can effectively improve the risk factors of ACL injury in active individuals. According to our findings, FIFA 11+ and Netball smart have similar effects on lower limb biomechanics.

Femoral anteversion is one of the most common rotational deformities of the lower extremity. Due to the high prevalence of this deformity and its negative effects on related joints and plantar pressure, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of six-week corrective exercise on anteversion and plantar pressure distribution in women with increased femoral anteversion.

A total of 24 women with increased femoral anteversion within the age range of 20-30 years and BMI 18 to 25 kg/m2 participated in this study. anteversion and dynamic plantar pressure distribution were respectively measured with goniometer and foot pressure scanner in pre-test and post-test. then, the experimental group received six weeks of corrective exercises and the control group did not participate in any exercise program. The collected data were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures.

A significant decrease in Femoral anteversion angle was observed in both legs between and within groups (p < 0/05). In addition, significant decrease were observed in plantar pressure, pressure of the midfoot and forefoot in both legs, in experimental group, in within groups comparison (p < 0/05), however rearfoot pressure increased significantly (p < 0/05). In between groups comparison, Changes were significant only in the right rearfoot, left midfoot and left forefoot (p < 0.05). However, none of these variables showed a significant change in the control group (P>0/05).

It can be concluded that six weeks of corrective exercises improve femoral anteversion and plantar pressure. And these exercises can probably be recommended to people who have increased anteversion.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of selected strength training at an unstable level and hydrotherapy on lower limb muscle strength, balance and fear of falling in the elderly. All subjects included 36 elderly men aged 60 to 70 years who were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into three groups of 12: strength, hydrotherapy and control. To assess static balance, dynamic balance, lower limb muscle strength and fear of falling, the Sharpened Romberg test, the time of getting up and going, getting up from the chair and the Falls Efficacy Scale International were used, The control group did not have a specific exercise program. Analysis of covariance and Bonferroni test were used to analyze the data. The results showed that between the groups of strength training, hydrotherapy and control in the variables of static balance (P= 0.001), dynamic balance (P= 0.001), lower limb strength (P= 0.01) and fear of falling (P= 0.001) there is a significant difference. By using strength training at an unstable level, you can improve the strength of the lower limbs and improve balance and reduce the risk of falls, and it is one of the appropriate solutions. It is effective in improving balance, lower limb strength and reducing the risk of falling in older men. However, strength training was more effective.

Swimming is one of the most popular disciplines in the Olympics and is popular among athletes. Injury in this sport is often due to repeated repetition of high and repetitive movements. Many researchers Muscle strength is considered one of the most important risk factors. The power of cuff rotators is one of the main risk factors for a shoulder injury.

The statistical samples of this study consisted of 28 swimmers of 12 to 14 years old girls practicing in Alborz Province Swimming League who have been practicing swimming regularly for at least 5 years. In order to perform this study, the maximum isometric and isokinetic contractions (speeds of 60, 90, and 180 degrees per second) in the internal and external rotators of the arm and proprioception of the shoulder joint (45 and 90-degree angles) were measured with the isokinetic device. Then they practiced with TRX for six weeks, after which the measurements were repeated.

The results showed that there was a significant relationship between six weeks of TRX training on isokinetic power at speeds of 60, 90 and 180 per second in eccentric and concentric contractions (P˂0 / 5) as well as isometric strength of internal rotators and External and proprioception of the shoulder joint at 90 and 45-degree angles were significantly different

it can be stated that shoulder injury prevention programs are very important, especially in rotator cuff muscles, for swimming athletes, and strengthening these muscles with TRX is effective because it has positive effects.

Low-back pain is among the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders in many societies. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the timing of electromyographic activity of the spine stabilizer muscles during daily activities in patients with low-back pain and healthy participants.

24 male participants ranging from 30 to 55 years of age were selected and fallen into two categories with chronic low-back pain and healthy. Levels of electromyographic activity of the lumbar erector spine, thoracic erector spine, Gluteus Maximus, Transversus abdominis and Multifidus muscles were measured for the actions like standing up and lifting objects.

Significant results were obtained from the electromyography activity levels of spine Multifidus (right and left) (p=0/000), Gluteus Maximus (right and left) (p=0/000) and Transversus abdominis (right and left) (p=0/000) for the action of picking up. Likewise, regarding the action of standing up significant results were obtained for thoracic erector spine (right) (p=0/039), spine Multifidus (left) (p=0/000), Gluteus Maximus (left) (p=0/000) and Transversus abdominis (right and left) (p=0/000).

The results showed that the onset of activity in the Transversus abdominis and spine Multifidus had lower levels in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain compared to healthy individuals. Also, the disorder in coordination and delay in the operation of the Transversus abdominis and spine Multifidus in all four tasks of movements have been the main source of disorder and delay in the activity of the muscles of the upper and lower segments as compensation.

Evaluation of functional movements is a motor assessment method for identifying risk factors and detecting injuries. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the factors that are more critical in estimating knee joint reaction force.

The study sample consisted of 40 boys aged 18-25 years who were selected according to the percentage rank of functional movement screening test. Their age, height and weight were 21.88±2.94 years, 179.57±7.71 cm and 72.67±11.85 kg, respectively. Landing in the laboratory was recorded using a motion capture system for subject and scored based on the landing error scoring system. Then the knee joint reaction force was calculated using OpenSim software. Subjects’ scores were also recorded on the single leg squat, Y Balance and Landing Error Scoring System- Real Time tests. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the factors that have the most decisive role in estimating knee joint reaction force.

The results showed that landing error scoring system significantly (ADJR2 = 0.91, p≤0.000) predicts knee joint reaction force.

jumping technique is the most important indicator for the knee joint reaction force in the studied age group. Therefore, the score of LESS test or in fact the jumping technique can be used to estimate the knee reaction force and thus predict the landing injury.